passive voice

Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

• Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
• Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
• Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
• Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku

Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.

Contoh:

• Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955

Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)

Contoh:

• Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif

• Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
• Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

To be yang digunakan

1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
2. Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif

1. Jack sings a song (active)
2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive)

1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)

1. Jack has sung a song (active)
2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack will sing a song (active)
2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack is singing a song (active)
2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack can sing a song (active)
2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

• Help the poor (active)
• Let the poor be helped (passive)

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time

Rumus:

It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III

• It is time to send the letter (active)
• It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

• Don�t wait for me (active)
• You are advised not to wait for me (passive)

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception

Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III

(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)

• This food tastes delicious (active)
• This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.

• We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
• It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements

• I consider her very pretty (active)
• She is considered very pretty (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objects

• He gave me a book (active)
• A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
• I was given a book by him (passive 2)

8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs

• The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
• The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence

Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.

• We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
• I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need

• This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
• This wall needs painting.

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short about report teks

Introduction

· Write a general statement

· It should give an outline of the aspects of the topic that you will

· write about in the report.

Body Description

Aspect 1

· describe one aspect of your topic

· each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence

Aspect 2

· describe one aspect of your topic

· each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence

Aspect 3 and so on

· describe one aspect of your topic

· each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence

Conclusion

This final paragraph sums up your topic.

2. A report presents information about a subject

Text Structure o Opening statement - Lead in sentence to state the topic and capture interest - may include a short description of the subject - may include definition - may include classification or categorisation of types oParagraphs -    each paragraph is about a different aspect of the subject. - begins with a topic or a preview sentence - focus is on facts not opinion Conclusion - Summarises the information presented - Does not include any new information Language features (Grammar) o Using General nouns (elephants, snakes, etc) technical terms o Formal and impersonal language (avoiding first and second pronoun like I,you, instead using third pronoun like it, they) o Uses timeless, present tense e.g. Adelaide is popular with inter national students. o Many “being” and “having” verbs

Example of report text:

                                                 Goannas

Australia is home to 25 of the world’s 30 monitor lizard species. In Australia, monitor lizards are called goannas.

Goannas have flattish bodies, long tails and strong jaws. They are the only lizards with forked tongues, like a snake. Their necks are long and may have loose folds of skin beneath them. Their legs are long and strong, with sharp claws on their feet. Many goannas have stripes, spots and other markings that help to camouflage them. The largest species can grow to more than two metres in length.

All goannas are daytime hunters. They run, climb and swim well. Goannas hunt small mammals, birds and other reptiles. They also eat dead animals. Smaller goannas eat insects, spiders and worms.

Male goannas fight with each other in the breeding season. Females lay between two and twelve eggs.

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penggunaan geround

Yang dimaksud dengan gerund adalah verb1+ing yang difungsikan sebagai noun (kata benda). Misalnya: killing, receiving, answering, playing, studying, dst. Dalam kalimat, gerund dapat digunakan sebagai subject, object, dan modifier.

A. Gerunds as Subjects

Penggunaan gerund sebagai subject kalimat sudah dibahas pada sentence components tentang subyek kalimat. Untuk merefresh memori anda, perhatikan contoh berikut:

1. Having a lot of money is better than having a little. (Punya banyak uang lebih baik dibanding punya sedikit uang).
2. Writing and speaking are two different aspects in a language. (Menulis dan berbicara adalah 2 aspek yang berbeda dalam sebuah bahasa).
3. Dropping out of school has caused him hard to find a good job. (Putus sekolah telah  membuat dia sulit mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak/bagus).

B. Gerunds as Objects

Jika verb mengikuti verb lainnya atau mengikuti prepositions, maka verb yang mengikuti ini berfungsi sebagai object kalimat.

Seperti halnya pada infinitive, gerund juga dapat mengikuti verbs tertentu, seperti pada pola kalimat berikut:

Subject + verb + gerund

Note:

a) Verbs pada baris pertama selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitives). Can’t help di sini berarti “not able to avoid a situation, or stop something from happening “.

b) Verbs pada baris kedua selain diikuti oleh gerund juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive dengan makna sama dengan bentuk gerund-nya. (Lihat contohnya pada invinitive

c)  Verbs pada baris ketiga juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive, tetapi maknanya berbeda dengan bentuk gerund-nya.   dan bandingkan perbedaan maknanya dengan contoh pada invinitive 

C. Gerunds as Modifiers

Sering kita temukan kalimat yang menggunakan modifier berupa clause (i.e. prepositions + S + V). Jika subject dari main clause dan modifier tersebut sama, subject dari modifier tersebut dapat dihilangkan, tetapi verbnya berubah menjadi gerund.

Contoh:

1. After doing the homework, I will play football. = After I do my homework, I will play football.
2. Cats usually snore while sleeping. = Cats usually snore while they ( the cats) are sleeping.
3. I had had a very bad English before reading these articles. = I had had very bad English before I read these articles.
4. Besides watching movies, I like reading novels. = Besides I like watching movies, I like reading novels.
5. Because of not studying well, I didn’t pass the test. = Because I didn’t study well, I didn’t pass the test. Note: Penggunaan because of dan because adalah berbeda. Can you see the difference?

D. Penggunaan (pronoun/noun) sebelum gerunds

Pada pola-pola di atas, sebelum gerund  juga dapat disisipi pronoun dalam bentuk possessive adjectives (i.e. my, your, his, her, its, their, our) atau oleh noun dalam bentuk possessive (i.e. noun+’s, misalnya:  John’s, Rini’s, Indonesia’s, ect).

Negative form Gerunds

Bentuk negative gerunds dibuat dengan dengan menempatkan adverb NOT di depan gerund tersebut.

Contoh:

1. She regretted not seeing her boyfriend last weekend.(Dia menyesal tidak bertemu pacarnya akhir pekan lalu).

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