Tag Questions

You speak English, don't you?

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag".

A "tag" is something small that we add to something larger. For example, the little piece of cloth added to a shirt showing size or washing instructions is a tag.

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.
The basic structure is:

+ Positive statement,	- negative tag?
Snow is white,	isn't it?
- Negative statement,	+ positive tag?
You don't like me,	do you?

Look at these examples with positive statements:

positive statement [+]				negative tag [-]			notes:
subject	auxiliary	main verb		auxiliary	not	personal pronoun (same as subject)
You	are	coming,		are	n't	you?
We	have	finished,		have	n't	we?
You	do	like	coffee,	do	n't	you?
You		like	coffee,	do	n't	you?	You (do) like...
They	will	help,		wo	n't	they?	won't = will not
I	can	come,		can	't	I?
We	must	go,		must	n't	we?
He	should	try	harder,	should	n't	he?
You		are	English,	are	n't	you?	no auxiliary for main verb be present & past
John		was	there,	was	n't	he?

Look at these examples with negative statements:

negative statement [-]						positive tag [+]
subject	auxiliary		main verb			auxiliary	personal pronoun (same as subject)
It	is	n't	raining,			is	it?
We	have	never	seen		that,	have	we?
You	do	n't	like		coffee,	do	you?
They	will	not	help,			will	they?
They	wo	n't	report		us,	will	they?
I	can	never	do		it right,	can	I?
We	must	n't	tell		her,	must	we?
He	should	n't	drive		so fast,	should	he?
You			are	n't	English,	are	you?
John			was	not	there,	was	he?

Some special cases:

I am right, aren't I?	aren't I (not amn't I)
You have to go, don't you?	you (do) have to go...
I have been answering, haven't I?	use first auxiliary
Nothing came in the post, did it?	treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative statements
Let's go, shall we?	let's = let us
He'd better do it, hadn't he?	he had better (no auxiliary)

Here are some mixed examples:

• But you don't really love her, do you?
• This will work, won't it?
• Well, I couldn't help it, could I?
• But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you?
• We'd never have known, would we?
• The weather's bad, isn't it?
• You won't be late, will you?
• Nobody knows, do they?

Notice that we often use tag questions to ask for information or help, starting with a negative statement. This is quite a friendly/polite way of making a request. For example, instead of saying "Where is the police station?" (not very polite), or "Do you know where the police station is?" (slightly more polite), we could say: "You wouldn't know where the police station is, would you?" Here are some more examples:

• You don't know of any good jobs, do you?
• You couldn't help me with my homework, could you?
• You haven't got $10 to lend me, have you?

Intonation

We can change the meaning of a tag question with the musical pitch of our voice. With rising intonation, it sounds like a real question. But if our intonation falls, it sounds more like a statement that doesn't require a real answer:

	intonation
You don't know where my wallet is,	do you?	/ rising	real question
It's a beautiful view,	isn't it?	\ falling	not a real question

Answers to tag questions

A question tag is the "mini-question" at the end. A tag question is the whole sentence.

How do we answer a tag question? Often, we just say Yes or No. Sometimes we may repeat the tag and reverse it (..., do they? Yes, they do). Be very careful about answering tag questions. In some languages, an oposite system of answering is used, and non-native English speakers sometimes answer in the wrong way. This can lead to a lot of confusion!

Answer a tag question according to the truth of the situation. Your answer reflects the real facts, not (necessarily) the question.

For example, everyone knows that snow is white. Look at these questions, and the correct answers:

tag question	correct answer
Snow is white, isn't it?	Yes (it is).	the answer is the same in both cases - because snow IS WHITE!	but notice the change of stress when the answerer does not agree with the questioner
Snow isn't white, is it?	Yes it is!
Snow is black, isn't it?	No it isn't!	the answer is the same in both cases - because snow IS NOT BLACK!
Snow isn't black, is it?	No (it isn't).

In some languages, people answer a question like "Snow isn't black, is it?" with "Yes" (meaning "Yes, I agree with you"). This is the wrong answer in English!
Here are some more examples, with correct answers:

• The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes, it does.
• The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes.
• The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No, it isn't!
• Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes, they do!
• Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No, they don't!
• Men don't have babies, do they? No.
• The English alphabet doesn't have 40 letters, does it? No, it doesn't.

Question tags with imperatives

Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invitations, orders), but the sentence remains an imperative and does not require a direct answer. We use won't for invitations. We use can, can't, will, would for orders.

	imperative + question tag	notes:
invitation	Take a seat, won't you?	polite
order	Help me, can you?	quite friendly
	Help me, can't you?	quite friendly (some irritation?)
	Close the door, would you?	quite polite
	Do it now, will you?	less polite
	Don't forget, will you?	with negative imperatives only will is possible

Same-way question tags

Although the basic structure of tag questions is positive-negative or negative-positive, it is sometime possible to use a positive-positive or negative-negative structure. We use same-way question tags to express interest, surprise, anger etc, and not to make real questions.

• So you're having a baby, are you? That's wonderful!
• She wants to marry him, does she? Some chance!
• So you think that's amusing, do you? Think again.

Negative-negative tag questions usually sound rather hostile:

• So you don't like my looks, don't you?

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Question Tag

Question Tag adalah pertanyaan pendek yang ada di akhir kalimat. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, mungkin kita sering mendengar orang berkata, kamu terlambat, kan?. Nah kata "kan?" di sini disebut dengan question tag dalam bahasa Inggris.

Pada topic ini kita akan membahas tentang:

• Positive Statement
• Negative Statement
• Imperative Statement

1. Positive Statement
Rumus:

(+) statement, (-) tag?

a. Dengan Kata Bantu (Auxiliary)

Contoh:

• You are the new secretary, aren't you? (bukan are not you?)
• George can swim well, can't he?
• I am going to go to the cinema with you, aren't I? (bukan amn't I)
• Susie has phoned you, hasn't she?

Catatan penting:

• Jika kita dapat melihat adanya kata Bantu (is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, had, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, atau must), maka gunakan saja kata Bantu tersebut sebagai tagnya.
• Tag negative harus dibentuk dengan singkatan. Pengguaan not yang terpisah dari kata bantunya tidak umum dalam Question tag.
• Jika subjek kalimatnya I, dan kata bantunya am, maka tagnya adalah aren't I? bukan "amn't I" sebab penyingkatan ini tidak standard dalam bahasa Inggris.
• Berhati-hatilah dengan penyingkatan kata Bantu. Perhatikan contoh kalimat-kalimat berikut ini:

• She's afraid to stay alone, isn't she?
• She's called the police, hasn't she?

Pada kalimat pertama, she's = she is, sebab diikuti oleh kata sifat, sedangkan pada kalimat kedua she's = she has, sebab diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ke-3 (Present Perfect Tense)

b. Tanpa Kata Bantu (Auxiliary)

Contoh:

• They invited you to their party, didn't they?
• She read the novel, didn't she?
• She reads the novel, doesn't she?
• Somebody knocked at the door, didn't they?
• You think I will be fired, don't you?
• I believe you will pass the exam, won't you?

Catatan penting:

• Jika tidak ada auxiliary (kata Bantu) di dalam kalimat statement-nya, maka gunakan do, does, atau did, tergantung dari tenses-nya.
• Berhati-hati dengan kata kerja Irregular Verbs, terutama yang memiliki bentuk yang sama seperti contoh kalimat no. 2 dan 3 di atas.
• Somebody/someone, anybody/anyone, everybody/everyone, these/those dianggap menjadi "they" dalam tagnya.
• Something, anything, everything, this/that dianggap menjadi "it" dalam tagnya.
• Jika statement-nya terdiri dari induk dan anak kalimat, maka tag-nya diambil dari induk kalimatnya (contoh kalimat ke-5), kecuali jika induk kalimatnya dimulai dengan I, maka tag-nya diambil dari anak kalimatnya (contoh kalimat ke-6). Hal ini sangat masuk akal kita, kan tidak lucu kalau kita bertanya pada diri kita sendiri. (Saya percaya kamu akan lulus ujian, ya kan? - tetapi ya kan-nya ditujukan pada diri sendiri)

2. Negative Statement

Negative statement jauh lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan positive statement karena kita sudah melihat adanya kata Bantu di dalam statement-nya. Kita tinggal memindahkan kata Bantu tersebut ke dalam tagnya.

Negative statement biasanya sering dipakai untuk meminta tolong atau meminta informasi tentang sesuatu/seseorang.

Rumus:

(-) Statement, (+) tag

Contoh:

• There isn't any news, is there?
• My parents won't go to Bali with you, will they?
• Nobody wants to go with you, do they?
• Everybody does not bring their homework, do they?
• You never come to her dormitory, do you?

Catatan penting:

• Nobody, nothing dianggap negative
• Nobody dianggap menjadi they dalam tagnya dan nothing dianggap menjadi it dalam tagnya.
• Hati-hati jangan sampai terlena dengan kata Bantu yang nampak dalam statement-nya. Perhatikan contoh kalimat no. 3 dan 4. Kata kerjanya seolah-olah adalah tunggal dan seharusnya menggunakan does, namun mengapa tag-nya menggunakan do? Sebab nobody dan everybody dianggap they dalam tag-nya.
• Never, seldom, barely, little, few, dll dianggap negative (contoh kalimat no. 5)
• Namun ingat, a few, dan a little  dianggap positive.

3. Imperative Statement

Imperative statement biasanya digunakan untuk meminta dan menyuruh orang lain untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.  Ada juga yang berfungsi untuk melarang dan mengajak orang lain.

Tag yang digunakan adalah:

• Will you, won't you, would you, could you, can you, dll yang sejenis. Penggunaannya tergantung dari situasi kalimatnya dan tingkat kesopanan statement yang disampaikan. Misalnya kalau meminta orang lain untuk mengerjakan sesuatu, lebih baik gunakan would you atau sejenisnya, dan menyuruh seseorang dengan nada marah, maka can you akan lebih cocok digunakan daripada would you.
• Sedangkan untuk let's, tag yang digunakan adalah shall we?

Contoh:

• Sit down, would you?
• Let's do it again, shall we?
• Don't disturb me, can't you?

Catatan penting:

Penggunaan tag di atas sama penggunaanya dan dapat digantikan dengan please.

Contoh:

• Sit down, please?
• Let's do it again, please?
• Don't disturb me, please?

4. Ellipsis Question Tag

Berhati-hatilah dengan penggunaan Question tag, khususnya jika kita tidak dapat melihat adanya subjek kalimat dalam statement-nya. Untuk itu, kita perlu memahami dan mencermati bahwa subjek kalimat statement-nya sebenarnya ada, namun hilang (ellipsis). Perhatikan contoh kalimat-kalimat berikut ini:

• Nice day, isn't it?
• Difficult, aren't they?
• Talking about me, aren't you?
• Fine, aren't you?

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