Analytical Exposition

An analytical exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the listeners or readers that something is the case. To make the persuasion stronger, the speaker or writer gives some arguments as the fundamental reasons why soeething is the case. This type of text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Analytical expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of analytical exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Reiteration or conclusion.

A.Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition
1. Thesis : Introduces the topic and shows speaker or writer’s position;
Outlines of the arguments are presented.
2. Arguments : It consists about Point and Elaboration
Point, states the main argument
Elaboration, develops and supports each point of argument
3. Conclusion : Reiteration (restatement), restates speaker or writer’s position

B. Generic Features of Analytical Exposition

    An analytical exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants.
    It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
    It uses emotive and evaluative words
    It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
    It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
    Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.

Corruption and Indonesian Culture

Thesis:

Corruption has happened for many years and today it becomes a bad culture in Indonesia for three reasons

Argument 1:

Most adult Indonesian or foreigners have known and admitted that corruptions happen in many places. The daily newspapers, news programs on TV and radio have reported corruptions are done everywhere, almost in all departments or public services of this country. Corruptions happen in health, education departments and banks. When we manage to get some documents in public service offices, we usually need much money to pay. Manipulations happen everywhere

Argument 2:

The actions to eliminate corruption are weak. The ever stronger culture seems not to come to an end when the responsible institutions who have to reinforce the justice today commit corruption. This is the worst. Corruptions happen in police department, courts where judges, public prosecutors, lawyers make deals to do corruption. All of us also heard in the end of 2004, Probosutejo reported that he had bribed the Supreme Court, or called Mahkamah Agung which becomes the highest level where the justice can be obtained. Perhaps you have to try to come to the local courts and see what happen there. You will see practices of bribery and other kinds of corruption. Therefore, we can say that corruptions becomes our culture. Do you like it?

Argument 3:

The citizens have no goodwill to fight against the corruption. They create the situations in which people have opportunities to do corruptions. The citizens like to break the rules because they are not disciplined. For example, in the street when they drive a car or ride motorcycle, they do not have the driving license or necessary documents. Then, they are caught by the local policemen. To avoid more difficulties, they like to bribe the officer. The officer let them go then. In other words, the citizens and officers are the same, doing corruption together. If only the people were critical, disciplined, and obey the rules, and willing to report any wrong behaviors, this country will not be number one corrupting country in the world.

Reiteration/ conclusion:

Conclusion Based on the reasons, we can conclude that corruption is becoming a bad culture in Indonesia if it is not ended soon by all of us. It seems that there must be more severe penalty for the Corruptors. Do we still care about the future of this country?

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passive voice

Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

• Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
• Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
• Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
• Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku

Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.

Contoh:

• Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955

Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)

Contoh:

• Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif

• Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
• Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll

To be yang digunakan

1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
2. Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif

1. Jack sings a song (active)
2. A song is sung by Jack (Passive)

1. Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
2. A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)

1. Jack has sung a song (active)
2. A song has been sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack will sing a song (active)
2. A song will be sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack is singing a song (active)
2. A song is being sung by Jack (passive)

1. Jack can sing a song (active)
2. A song can be sung by Jack (passive)

Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III

• Help the poor (active)
• Let the poor be helped (passive)

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time

Rumus:

It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III

• It is time to send the letter (active)
• It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Rumus:

Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

• Don�t wait for me (active)
• You are advised not to wait for me (passive)

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception

Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III

(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)

• This food tastes delicious (active)
• This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.

• We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
• It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements

• I consider her very pretty (active)
• She is considered very pretty (passive)

7) Passive Sentence with two objects

• He gave me a book (active)
• A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
• I was given a book by him (passive 2)

8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs

• The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
• The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence

Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.

• We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
• I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need

• This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
• This wall needs painting.

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short about report teks

Introduction

· Write a general statement

· It should give an outline of the aspects of the topic that you will

· write about in the report.

Body Description

Aspect 1

· describe one aspect of your topic

· each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence

Aspect 2

· describe one aspect of your topic

· each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence

Aspect 3 and so on

· describe one aspect of your topic

· each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence

Conclusion

This final paragraph sums up your topic.

2. A report presents information about a subject

Text Structure o Opening statement - Lead in sentence to state the topic and capture interest - may include a short description of the subject - may include definition - may include classification or categorisation of types oParagraphs -    each paragraph is about a different aspect of the subject. - begins with a topic or a preview sentence - focus is on facts not opinion Conclusion - Summarises the information presented - Does not include any new information Language features (Grammar) o Using General nouns (elephants, snakes, etc) technical terms o Formal and impersonal language (avoiding first and second pronoun like I,you, instead using third pronoun like it, they) o Uses timeless, present tense e.g. Adelaide is popular with inter national students. o Many “being” and “having” verbs

Example of report text:

                                                 Goannas

Australia is home to 25 of the world’s 30 monitor lizard species. In Australia, monitor lizards are called goannas.

Goannas have flattish bodies, long tails and strong jaws. They are the only lizards with forked tongues, like a snake. Their necks are long and may have loose folds of skin beneath them. Their legs are long and strong, with sharp claws on their feet. Many goannas have stripes, spots and other markings that help to camouflage them. The largest species can grow to more than two metres in length.

All goannas are daytime hunters. They run, climb and swim well. Goannas hunt small mammals, birds and other reptiles. They also eat dead animals. Smaller goannas eat insects, spiders and worms.

Male goannas fight with each other in the breeding season. Females lay between two and twelve eggs.

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penggunaan geround

Yang dimaksud dengan gerund adalah verb1+ing yang difungsikan sebagai noun (kata benda). Misalnya: killing, receiving, answering, playing, studying, dst. Dalam kalimat, gerund dapat digunakan sebagai subject, object, dan modifier.

A. Gerunds as Subjects

Penggunaan gerund sebagai subject kalimat sudah dibahas pada sentence components tentang subyek kalimat. Untuk merefresh memori anda, perhatikan contoh berikut:

1. Having a lot of money is better than having a little. (Punya banyak uang lebih baik dibanding punya sedikit uang).
2. Writing and speaking are two different aspects in a language. (Menulis dan berbicara adalah 2 aspek yang berbeda dalam sebuah bahasa).
3. Dropping out of school has caused him hard to find a good job. (Putus sekolah telah  membuat dia sulit mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak/bagus).

B. Gerunds as Objects

Jika verb mengikuti verb lainnya atau mengikuti prepositions, maka verb yang mengikuti ini berfungsi sebagai object kalimat.

Seperti halnya pada infinitive, gerund juga dapat mengikuti verbs tertentu, seperti pada pola kalimat berikut:

Subject + verb + gerund

Note:

a) Verbs pada baris pertama selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitives). Can’t help di sini berarti “not able to avoid a situation, or stop something from happening “.

b) Verbs pada baris kedua selain diikuti oleh gerund juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive dengan makna sama dengan bentuk gerund-nya. (Lihat contohnya pada invinitive

c)  Verbs pada baris ketiga juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive, tetapi maknanya berbeda dengan bentuk gerund-nya.   dan bandingkan perbedaan maknanya dengan contoh pada invinitive 

C. Gerunds as Modifiers

Sering kita temukan kalimat yang menggunakan modifier berupa clause (i.e. prepositions + S + V). Jika subject dari main clause dan modifier tersebut sama, subject dari modifier tersebut dapat dihilangkan, tetapi verbnya berubah menjadi gerund.

Contoh:

1. After doing the homework, I will play football. = After I do my homework, I will play football.
2. Cats usually snore while sleeping. = Cats usually snore while they ( the cats) are sleeping.
3. I had had a very bad English before reading these articles. = I had had very bad English before I read these articles.
4. Besides watching movies, I like reading novels. = Besides I like watching movies, I like reading novels.
5. Because of not studying well, I didn’t pass the test. = Because I didn’t study well, I didn’t pass the test. Note: Penggunaan because of dan because adalah berbeda. Can you see the difference?

D. Penggunaan (pronoun/noun) sebelum gerunds

Pada pola-pola di atas, sebelum gerund  juga dapat disisipi pronoun dalam bentuk possessive adjectives (i.e. my, your, his, her, its, their, our) atau oleh noun dalam bentuk possessive (i.e. noun+’s, misalnya:  John’s, Rini’s, Indonesia’s, ect).

Negative form Gerunds

Bentuk negative gerunds dibuat dengan dengan menempatkan adverb NOT di depan gerund tersebut.

Contoh:

1. She regretted not seeing her boyfriend last weekend.(Dia menyesal tidak bertemu pacarnya akhir pekan lalu).

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Tag Questions

You speak English, don't you?

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag".

A "tag" is something small that we add to something larger. For example, the little piece of cloth added to a shirt showing size or washing instructions is a tag.

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.
The basic structure is:

+ Positive statement,	- negative tag?
Snow is white,	isn't it?
- Negative statement,	+ positive tag?
You don't like me,	do you?

Look at these examples with positive statements:

positive statement [+]				negative tag [-]			notes:
subject	auxiliary	main verb		auxiliary	not	personal pronoun (same as subject)
You	are	coming,		are	n't	you?
We	have	finished,		have	n't	we?
You	do	like	coffee,	do	n't	you?
You		like	coffee,	do	n't	you?	You (do) like...
They	will	help,		wo	n't	they?	won't = will not
I	can	come,		can	't	I?
We	must	go,		must	n't	we?
He	should	try	harder,	should	n't	he?
You		are	English,	are	n't	you?	no auxiliary for main verb be present & past
John		was	there,	was	n't	he?

Look at these examples with negative statements:

negative statement [-]						positive tag [+]
subject	auxiliary		main verb			auxiliary	personal pronoun (same as subject)
It	is	n't	raining,			is	it?
We	have	never	seen		that,	have	we?
You	do	n't	like		coffee,	do	you?
They	will	not	help,			will	they?
They	wo	n't	report		us,	will	they?
I	can	never	do		it right,	can	I?
We	must	n't	tell		her,	must	we?
He	should	n't	drive		so fast,	should	he?
You			are	n't	English,	are	you?
John			was	not	there,	was	he?

Some special cases:

I am right, aren't I?	aren't I (not amn't I)
You have to go, don't you?	you (do) have to go...
I have been answering, haven't I?	use first auxiliary
Nothing came in the post, did it?	treat statements with nothing, nobody etc like negative statements
Let's go, shall we?	let's = let us
He'd better do it, hadn't he?	he had better (no auxiliary)

Here are some mixed examples:

• But you don't really love her, do you?
• This will work, won't it?
• Well, I couldn't help it, could I?
• But you'll tell me if she calls, won't you?
• We'd never have known, would we?
• The weather's bad, isn't it?
• You won't be late, will you?
• Nobody knows, do they?

Notice that we often use tag questions to ask for information or help, starting with a negative statement. This is quite a friendly/polite way of making a request. For example, instead of saying "Where is the police station?" (not very polite), or "Do you know where the police station is?" (slightly more polite), we could say: "You wouldn't know where the police station is, would you?" Here are some more examples:

• You don't know of any good jobs, do you?
• You couldn't help me with my homework, could you?
• You haven't got $10 to lend me, have you?

Intonation

We can change the meaning of a tag question with the musical pitch of our voice. With rising intonation, it sounds like a real question. But if our intonation falls, it sounds more like a statement that doesn't require a real answer:

	intonation
You don't know where my wallet is,	do you?	/ rising	real question
It's a beautiful view,	isn't it?	\ falling	not a real question

Answers to tag questions

A question tag is the "mini-question" at the end. A tag question is the whole sentence.

How do we answer a tag question? Often, we just say Yes or No. Sometimes we may repeat the tag and reverse it (..., do they? Yes, they do). Be very careful about answering tag questions. In some languages, an oposite system of answering is used, and non-native English speakers sometimes answer in the wrong way. This can lead to a lot of confusion!

Answer a tag question according to the truth of the situation. Your answer reflects the real facts, not (necessarily) the question.

For example, everyone knows that snow is white. Look at these questions, and the correct answers:

tag question	correct answer
Snow is white, isn't it?	Yes (it is).	the answer is the same in both cases - because snow IS WHITE!	but notice the change of stress when the answerer does not agree with the questioner
Snow isn't white, is it?	Yes it is!
Snow is black, isn't it?	No it isn't!	the answer is the same in both cases - because snow IS NOT BLACK!
Snow isn't black, is it?	No (it isn't).

In some languages, people answer a question like "Snow isn't black, is it?" with "Yes" (meaning "Yes, I agree with you"). This is the wrong answer in English!
Here are some more examples, with correct answers:

• The moon goes round the earth, doesn't it? Yes, it does.
• The earth is bigger than the moon, isn't it? Yes.
• The earth is bigger than the sun, isn't it? No, it isn't!
• Asian people don't like rice, do they? Yes, they do!
• Elephants live in Europe, don't they? No, they don't!
• Men don't have babies, do they? No.
• The English alphabet doesn't have 40 letters, does it? No, it doesn't.

Question tags with imperatives

Sometimes we use question tags with imperatives (invitations, orders), but the sentence remains an imperative and does not require a direct answer. We use won't for invitations. We use can, can't, will, would for orders.

	imperative + question tag	notes:
invitation	Take a seat, won't you?	polite
order	Help me, can you?	quite friendly
	Help me, can't you?	quite friendly (some irritation?)
	Close the door, would you?	quite polite
	Do it now, will you?	less polite
	Don't forget, will you?	with negative imperatives only will is possible

Same-way question tags

Although the basic structure of tag questions is positive-negative or negative-positive, it is sometime possible to use a positive-positive or negative-negative structure. We use same-way question tags to express interest, surprise, anger etc, and not to make real questions.

• So you're having a baby, are you? That's wonderful!
• She wants to marry him, does she? Some chance!
• So you think that's amusing, do you? Think again.

Negative-negative tag questions usually sound rather hostile:

• So you don't like my looks, don't you?

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Question Tag

Question Tag adalah pertanyaan pendek yang ada di akhir kalimat. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, mungkin kita sering mendengar orang berkata, kamu terlambat, kan?. Nah kata "kan?" di sini disebut dengan question tag dalam bahasa Inggris.

Pada topic ini kita akan membahas tentang:

• Positive Statement
• Negative Statement
• Imperative Statement

1. Positive Statement
Rumus:

(+) statement, (-) tag?

a. Dengan Kata Bantu (Auxiliary)

Contoh:

• You are the new secretary, aren't you? (bukan are not you?)
• George can swim well, can't he?
• I am going to go to the cinema with you, aren't I? (bukan amn't I)
• Susie has phoned you, hasn't she?

Catatan penting:

• Jika kita dapat melihat adanya kata Bantu (is, am, are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have, had, will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, atau must), maka gunakan saja kata Bantu tersebut sebagai tagnya.
• Tag negative harus dibentuk dengan singkatan. Pengguaan not yang terpisah dari kata bantunya tidak umum dalam Question tag.
• Jika subjek kalimatnya I, dan kata bantunya am, maka tagnya adalah aren't I? bukan "amn't I" sebab penyingkatan ini tidak standard dalam bahasa Inggris.
• Berhati-hatilah dengan penyingkatan kata Bantu. Perhatikan contoh kalimat-kalimat berikut ini:

• She's afraid to stay alone, isn't she?
• She's called the police, hasn't she?

Pada kalimat pertama, she's = she is, sebab diikuti oleh kata sifat, sedangkan pada kalimat kedua she's = she has, sebab diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ke-3 (Present Perfect Tense)

b. Tanpa Kata Bantu (Auxiliary)

Contoh:

• They invited you to their party, didn't they?
• She read the novel, didn't she?
• She reads the novel, doesn't she?
• Somebody knocked at the door, didn't they?
• You think I will be fired, don't you?
• I believe you will pass the exam, won't you?

Catatan penting:

• Jika tidak ada auxiliary (kata Bantu) di dalam kalimat statement-nya, maka gunakan do, does, atau did, tergantung dari tenses-nya.
• Berhati-hati dengan kata kerja Irregular Verbs, terutama yang memiliki bentuk yang sama seperti contoh kalimat no. 2 dan 3 di atas.
• Somebody/someone, anybody/anyone, everybody/everyone, these/those dianggap menjadi "they" dalam tagnya.
• Something, anything, everything, this/that dianggap menjadi "it" dalam tagnya.
• Jika statement-nya terdiri dari induk dan anak kalimat, maka tag-nya diambil dari induk kalimatnya (contoh kalimat ke-5), kecuali jika induk kalimatnya dimulai dengan I, maka tag-nya diambil dari anak kalimatnya (contoh kalimat ke-6). Hal ini sangat masuk akal kita, kan tidak lucu kalau kita bertanya pada diri kita sendiri. (Saya percaya kamu akan lulus ujian, ya kan? - tetapi ya kan-nya ditujukan pada diri sendiri)

2. Negative Statement

Negative statement jauh lebih mudah dibandingkan dengan positive statement karena kita sudah melihat adanya kata Bantu di dalam statement-nya. Kita tinggal memindahkan kata Bantu tersebut ke dalam tagnya.

Negative statement biasanya sering dipakai untuk meminta tolong atau meminta informasi tentang sesuatu/seseorang.

Rumus:

(-) Statement, (+) tag

Contoh:

• There isn't any news, is there?
• My parents won't go to Bali with you, will they?
• Nobody wants to go with you, do they?
• Everybody does not bring their homework, do they?
• You never come to her dormitory, do you?

Catatan penting:

• Nobody, nothing dianggap negative
• Nobody dianggap menjadi they dalam tagnya dan nothing dianggap menjadi it dalam tagnya.
• Hati-hati jangan sampai terlena dengan kata Bantu yang nampak dalam statement-nya. Perhatikan contoh kalimat no. 3 dan 4. Kata kerjanya seolah-olah adalah tunggal dan seharusnya menggunakan does, namun mengapa tag-nya menggunakan do? Sebab nobody dan everybody dianggap they dalam tag-nya.
• Never, seldom, barely, little, few, dll dianggap negative (contoh kalimat no. 5)
• Namun ingat, a few, dan a little  dianggap positive.

3. Imperative Statement

Imperative statement biasanya digunakan untuk meminta dan menyuruh orang lain untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.  Ada juga yang berfungsi untuk melarang dan mengajak orang lain.

Tag yang digunakan adalah:

• Will you, won't you, would you, could you, can you, dll yang sejenis. Penggunaannya tergantung dari situasi kalimatnya dan tingkat kesopanan statement yang disampaikan. Misalnya kalau meminta orang lain untuk mengerjakan sesuatu, lebih baik gunakan would you atau sejenisnya, dan menyuruh seseorang dengan nada marah, maka can you akan lebih cocok digunakan daripada would you.
• Sedangkan untuk let's, tag yang digunakan adalah shall we?

Contoh:

• Sit down, would you?
• Let's do it again, shall we?
• Don't disturb me, can't you?

Catatan penting:

Penggunaan tag di atas sama penggunaanya dan dapat digantikan dengan please.

Contoh:

• Sit down, please?
• Let's do it again, please?
• Don't disturb me, please?

4. Ellipsis Question Tag

Berhati-hatilah dengan penggunaan Question tag, khususnya jika kita tidak dapat melihat adanya subjek kalimat dalam statement-nya. Untuk itu, kita perlu memahami dan mencermati bahwa subjek kalimat statement-nya sebenarnya ada, namun hilang (ellipsis). Perhatikan contoh kalimat-kalimat berikut ini:

• Nice day, isn't it?
• Difficult, aren't they?
• Talking about me, aren't you?
• Fine, aren't you?

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